John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

"Kennedy Center" redirects here. For the spaceport, see Kennedy Space Center
Kennedy Center
Kennedy Center seen from the Potomac River.
Bust of John F. Kennedy by Robert Berks located at the Center
The Kennedy Center as seen from the air. A portion of the Watergate complex can be seen at the left.

The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (on the building itself called the John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts, and commonly referred to as the Kennedy Center) is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. The Center, which opened on September 8, 1971, produces and presents theater, dance, ballet, orchestral, chamber, jazz, popular, and folk music, and multi-media performances for all ages.

It is the nation’s busiest performing arts facility and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly two million; Center-related touring productions, television, and radio broadcasts welcome 20 million more. Now in its 38th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance, and theater; supports artists in the creation of new work; and serves the nation as leader in arts education. With its artistic affiliate, the National Symphony Orchestra, the Center’s achievements as a commissioner, producer, and nurturer of developing artists have resulted in over 200 theatrical productions, dozens of new ballets, operas, and musical works.

It represents a public-private partnership, since it is both the nation's living memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the "national center for the performing arts", which includes educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely paid for through ticket sales and gifts from individuals, corporations, and private foundations.

Designed by architect Edward Durrell Stone, it was built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and is administered by a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. It receives federal funding each year to pay for the maintenance and operation of the building.

Contents

History

The idea for the center dates back to 1933 when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt discussed ideas for the Emergency Relief and Civil Works Administration to create employment for unemployed actors during the Great Depression.[1] In 1935, Congress held hearings on plans to establish a new Department of Science, Art and Literature and to build a monumental theater and arts building on Capitol Hill near the Supreme Court building. A small auditorium was added at the Library of Congress, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a "public building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center" near Judiciary Square, but nothing materialized.[2]

In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U.S. Representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center as a memorial to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience. From 1955 to 1958, the idea was debated in Congress, amidst much controversy. In the summer of 1958, a bill was finally passed in Congress and on September 4, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the National Cultural Center Act which provided momentum for the project.[3]

This was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, to be raised within five years of passage of the bill.[4] Edward Durrell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959.[5] He presented preliminary designs to the President's Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, double the original estimates of $25–30 million.[6] By November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million.[6] Despite this, Stone's design was well-received in editorials in The Washington Post, Washington Star, and quickly approved by the United States Commission of Fine Arts, National Capital Planning Commission, and the National Park Service.[7]

Fundraising

The Hall of States

Fundraising was led by the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, which was set-up by Eisenhower on January 29, 1959.[4] Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years.[8] President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nation's capital, and provided leadership and support for the project.[9] In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, and serve as chairman of the Board of Trustees. Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman.[10] National Cultural Center was renamed as the Kennedy Center in 1964, following the assassination of President Kennedy.[11]

The total cost of construction was $70 million.[11] Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds.[9] Funding was also provided through donations, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, and approximately $500,000 from the Kennedy family.[12][13] Other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors.[13] Gifts were also provided to the Kennedy Center from foreign countries, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy (worth $1.5 million) from the Italian government, which was used in the building's construction.[14]

Construction

Roger L. Stevens (left) watches as President Johnson breaks ground on December 2, 1964. This photograph is autographed by Johnson to Stevens.
Layout of the three main theaters at the Kennedy Center

President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center on December 2, 1964.[15] However, debate continued for another year over the Foggy Bottom site, with some advocating for another location on Pennsylvania Avenue.[12] Excavation of the site got underway on December 11, 1965, and the site was cleared by January 1967.[16]

The first performance was on September 5, 1971, with 2,200 members of the general public in attendance to see a premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass in the Opera House,[11] while the Center's official opening took place on September 8, 1971, with a formal gala and premiere performance of the Bernstein Mass.[17] The Concert Hall was inaugurated on September 9, 1971, in a performance by the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Antal Doráti.[17] On Friday, September 10, 1971, Alberto Ginastera's opera, Beatrix Cenci premiered at the Kennedy Center's Opera House.

Architecture

The Kennedy Center was designed by architect Edward Durrell Stone.[18] Overall, the building is 100 feet (30 m) high, 630 feet (190 m) long, and 300 feet (91 m) wide. The Kennedy Center features a 630-foot-long (190 m), 63-foot-high (19 m) grand foyer, with 16 hand-blown Orrefors crystal chandeliers (a gift from Sweden) and red carpeting. The Hall of States and the Hall of Nations are both 250-foot-long (76 m), 63-foot-high (19 m) corridors. The building has drawn criticism about its location (far away from Washington Metro stops), and for its scale and form,[18] although it has also drawn praise for its acoustics, and its terrace overlooking the Potomac River.[18]

Cyril M. Harris designed the Kennedy Center's auditoriums and their acoustics.[19] A key consideration is that many aircraft fly along the Potomac River and overhead the Kennedy Center, as they take off and land at the nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Helicopter traffic over the Kennedy Center is also fairly high. To keep out this noise, the Kennedy Center was designed as a box within a box, giving each auditorium an extra outer shell.[20]

Venues

The Grand Foyer, at 63 feet (19 m) high and 630 feet (190 m) long, is one of the largest rooms in the world. If laid on its side, the Washington Monument would fit in this room with 75 feet (23 m) to spare.

The three main theaters at the Kennedy Center are the Concert Hall, Opera House, and the Eisenhower Theater.

Concert Hall

The Concert Hall, located on the south side of the Center, seats about 2,400 and has a seating arrangement more similar to that used in many European halls such as Musikverein in Vienna. The Hadelands crystal chandeliers, a gift from Norway, were repositioned to provide a clearer view.[14] Located behind the stage is a 2,184-pipe organ. This was a gift from the Filene Foundation of Boston. The Concert Hall is the largest performance space in the Kennedy Center and is the home of the National Symphony Orchestra. A 1997 renovation brought a high-tech acoustical canopy, accessible locations on every level, and new seating sections (onstage boxes, chorister seats, and parterre seats).

Opera House

The Opera House, in the middle, has about 2,300 seats. Its interior features include much red velvet, as well as a distinctive red and gold silk curtain, which was a gift from Japan.[14] The Opera House also features a Lobmeyr crystal chandelier, which was a gift from Austria.[14] It is the major opera, ballet, and large-scale musical venue of the Center, and was closed for the 2003/2004 season for extensive renovations which provided a revised seating arrangement at the orchestra level plus re-designed entrances to this level. It is the home of the Washington National Opera and the annual Kennedy Center Honors.

Eisenhower Theater

The Eisenhower Theater, on the north side, seats about 1,163 and is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who signed into law the National Cultural Center Act on September 2, 1958. It primarily hosts plays and musicals, smaller-scale operas, ballet and contemporary dance. The theater contains an orchestra pit for up to 35 musicians that is convertible to a forestage or additional seating space. In October 2008, a 16-month renovation of the theater (for which the color scheme and seating arrangements were altered) was completed.

Other performance venues

Other performance venues in the Center include:

River and Rooftop Terraces

The Kennedy Center also offers one of the only open air rooftop terraces in downtown Washington, DC free of charge to the public, open from 10:00 a.m. until midnight each day, except when closed for private events. The wide terrace provides four views: to the West, the Rosslyn skyline in Arlington, Virginia; to the South, the Potomac River and National Airport; to the North is the Washington Harbor and the Watergate Complex; to the East is the Lincoln Memorial, Department of State buildings, George Washington University and the Saudi Embassy.

Productions

Dance

World premiere performances of Kennedy Center-commissioned works have been offered through a commissioning program for new ballet and dance works. These works have been created by America's foremost choreographers—Paul Taylor, Lar Lubovich, and Merce Cunningham—for leading American dance companies including American Ballet Theatre, Ballet West, Houston Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet, Pennsylvania Ballet, and the San Francisco Ballet. Since 1999, the Kennedy Center has supported and produced the Suzanne Farrell Ballet in performances at the Center and on extended tours.

The Center sponsors two annual dance residency programs for young people; Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell and the Dance Theatre of Harlem Residency Program, both now in their second decade. The Kennedy Center’s Contemporary Dance series offers a wide range of artistic perspectives, from the foremost masters of the genre to the art form’s newest and most exciting artists. In the 2008-2009 series, the Kennedy Center recognized Modern Masters of American Dance, bringing Martha Graham Dance Company, Merce Cunningham Dance Company, Limón Dance Company, Mark Morris Dance Group, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company and Paul Taylor Dance Company.

Education

In recent years the Kennedy Center has dramatically expanded its education programs to reach young people, teachers, and families throughout the nation. In 2005, the Center opened its 324 seat Family Theater, which is home to many of the Center’s Performances for Young Audiences.

For over 35 years, the Kennedy Center Education Department has provided arts experiences through performances, residencies, workshops, conferences, career development programs, symposia, and on-line and print resources. In the past year, the Center’s education programs have directly impacted more than 11 million people across the nation. The Education Department fosters understandings and participation in the performing arts through programs and performances for diverse populations of all ages.

Performances for Young Audiences

The 2008-2009 season programming for Performances for Young Audiences reached more than 100 performances for young people and their families and over 110 performances for school audiences. The season included four Kennedy Center-commissioned world premieres: The Trumpet of the Swan, a musical adapted by Pulitzer Prize winner Marsha Norman from the book by E.B. White with music by Jason Robert Brown; Mermaids, Monsters, and the World Painted Purple, a new play by Marco Ramirez; Unleashed! The Secret Lives of White House Pets, a new play by Allyson Currin in collaboration with the White House Historical Association; and OMAN...O man!, a new dance production that is conceived and directed by Debbie Allen and is part of the Center’s Arab festival, Arabesque: Arts of the Arab World. Theater for Young Audiences on Tour hit the road with two nationally touring productions of The Phantom Tollbooth and Blues Journey.

Members of the National Symphony Orchestra will continue to present Teddy Bear Concerts throughout its seasons. During the concerts, children aged three to five bring their favorite stuffed animal to interactive musical programs featuring members of the NSO. Members of the NSO present NSO Ensemble Concerts, connecting music with various school subjects such as science and math, Kinderkonzerts, introducing kids to orchestral instruments and classical composers, as well as NSO Family Concerts.

Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival (KCACTF)

Started in 1969 by Roger L. Stevens, the Kennedy Center's founding chairman, the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival (KCACTF) is a national theater program involving 18,000 students from colleges and universities nationwide which has served as a catalyst in improving the quality of college theater in the United States. The KCACTF has grown into a network of more than 600 academic institutions throughout the country, where theater departments and student artists showcase their work and receive outside assessment by KCACTF respondents. Since its establishment in 1969, KCACTF has reached more than 17.5 million theatergoing students and teachers nationwide.

Festivals

The Kennedy Center presents festivals celebrating cities, countries, and regions of the world. The festivals are filled with a wide range of performing arts, visual arts, cuisine, and multi-media. In 2008, the Center presented an exploration of the culture of Japan entitled Japan! culture + hyperculture. The 2009 Arab festival was an unprecedented exploration of the culture of the 22 Arab countries in the League of Arab States, titled Arabesque: Arts of the Arab World.

Jazz

Since its establishment in September 1971, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts has showcased world-class jazz in solo, various ensembles, and big band settings. In 1994, the Kennedy Center appointed Dr. Billy Taylor as Artistic Advisor for Jazz, and his first installation was his own radio show Billy Taylor’s Jazz at the Kennedy Center . Featuring his Trio and guest artists in performance and discussion, the series ran for seven seasons on NPR. Since Taylor’s appointment in 1994, the Center has initiated numerous performance programs to promote jazz on a national stage, featuring leading international artists and rising stars, including: the Art Tatum Piano Panorama, named after Dr. Taylor’s mentor; the Louis Arm strong Legacy, highlighting vocalists; the Mary Lou Williams Women in Jazz Festival, the first festival by a major institution promoting outstanding female jazz artists; Beyond Category, featuring artists whose work transcends genre; the Platinum Series, with internationally acclaimed headliners; Jazz Ambassadors with the U.S. Department of State, sending musicians on worldwide goodwill tours (1998–2004); the KC Jazz Club, a highly praised intimate setting; and Discovery Artists in the KC Jazz Club, highlighting up-and-coming talent. Kennedy Center and NPR annually collaborate on the beloved holiday broadcast NPR’s Piano Jazz Christmas. Since 2003, the Center’s jazz programs have been regularly broadcast on NPR’s JazzSet with Dee Dee Bridgewater. Recent highlights, produced by the Center, have included Great Vibes, A Salute to Lionel Hampton (1995); Billy Taylor’s 80th Birthday Celebration (2002); Nancy Wilson, A Career Celebration (2003); Michel Legrand with Patti Austin, part of the Center’s Festival of France (2004); A Tribute to Shirley Horn (2004); James Moody’s 80th Birthday (2005); and Benny Golson at 80 (2009). In March 2007, the Center hosted a once in a lifetime celebration, Jazz in Our Time, which bestowed the Center’s Living Jazz Legend Award to over 30 revered artists. During Dr. Taylor’s tenure, the Center has created recognized educational initiatives, including national jazz satellite distance-learning programs; adult lecture series; master classes and workshops with national artists and local metro-D.C. students; and Betty Carter’s Jazz Ahead—continuing the singer’s legacy of identifying outstanding young talent.

National Symphony Orchestra (NSO)

The National Symphony Orchestra, the Kennedy Center's artistic affiliate since 1987, has commissioned dozens of new works, among them Stephen Albert's RiverRun, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Music; Morton Gould’s StringMusic, also a Pulitzer Prize-winner; William Bolcolm's Sixth Symphony, and Michael Daughtery's UFO, a concerto for solo percussion and orchestra.

In addition to its regular season concerts, the National Symphony Orchestra presents a host of outreach, education, and pops programs, as well as concerts at Wolf Trap each year. The annual American Residencies for the Kennedy Center is a program unique to the National Symphony Orchestra and the Center. The Center sends the Orchestra to a different state each year for an intensive period of performances and teaching encompassing full orchestral, chamber, and solo concerts, master classes and other teaching sessions. The Orchestra has given these residencies in 20 states so far: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North and South Carolina, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Nevada, and Wyoming/Montana.

The NSO recording of Corigliano: Of Rage and Remembrance won a Grammy Award in 1996.

Performing Arts for Everyone (PAFE)

The Kennedy Center is the only U.S. institution that presents a free performance 365 days a year. The Millennium Stage, created as part of the Center’s Performing Arts for Everyone initiative in 1997 and underwritten by James A. Johnson and Maxine Isaacs, features a broad spectrum of performing arts, from dance and jazz, to chamber music and folk, comedy, storytelling and theater, every day at 6 p.m. In the past twelve years, over three million people have attended Millennium Stage performances. The Millennium Stage has presented more than 42,000 artists, which includes over 4,000 international artists from more than 70 countries; performers representing all 50 states; and 20,000 Washington-area ensembles and solo artists. The Charlie Byrd Trio and the Billy Taylor Trio were the first artists to delight audiences with a free performance on March 1, 1997. In 1999, the Center began web-casting each night’s live performance, and continues to archive and maintain each event in a database of over 3,000 performances which may be accessed via the Center’s website, www.kennedy-center.org.

Theater

The Center has co-produced more than 300 new works of theater over the past 37 years, including Tony-winning shows ranging from Annie in 1977 to A Few Good Men, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, The King and I, Titanic, and the American premiere of Les Misérables. The Center also produced the Sondheim Celebration (six Stephen Sondheim musicals) in 2002, Tennessee Williams Explored (three of Williams’ classic plays) in 2004, Mame starring Christine Baranski in 2006, Carnival! in 2007, August Wilson’s 20th Century (Wilson’s complete ten-play cycle performed as fully staged readings) and Broadway: Three Generations both in 2008, and a new production of Ragtime in 2009. Also, the Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays has provided critical support in the development of 135 new theatrical works.

Kennedy Center Honors

Since 1978, the Kennedy Center Honors have been awarded annually by the Center's Board of Trustees. Each year, five artists or groups are honored for their lifetime contributions to American culture and the performing arts, including dance, music, theater, opera, film, and television.[21] The Center has awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor since 1998.

Local Performing Arts Organizations

Many local arts organizations present their work at the Kennedy Center. Some of these include:

Other events

During the American Bicentennial, numerous special events were held at the Kennedy Center throughout 1976, including six commissioned plays.[22] Free performances by groups from each state were also held at the Kennedy Center.[23] In December 1976, Mikhail Baryshnikov's version of The Nutcracker ballet played for two weeks.[24]

The Kennedy Center also hosts special inauguration events and galas.

In 1977, the Opera House hosted George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra with Rex Harrison and Elizabeth Ashley.[25] The American Ballet Theater has also frequently performed at the Kennedy Center.[26] Their 2004 production of Swan Lake, choreographed by Kevin McKenzie, was taped there, shown on PBS in June 2005, and released on DVD shortly after.

Productions of Disney's The Lion King and Trevor Nunn's production of My Fair Lady (choreographed by Matthew Bourne) were presented in the 2007–2008 season, to name a few.[27]

VSA

VSA (formerly VSA Arts) is an international nonprofit organization founded 35 years ago by Ambassador Jean Kennedy Smith to create a society where people with disabilities learn through, participate in, and enjoy the arts. VSA provides educators, parents, and artists with resources and the tools to support arts programming in schools and communities. VSA showcases the accomplishments of artists with disabilities and promotes increased access to the arts for people with disabilities. Each year 7 million people participate in VSA programs through a nationwide network of affiliates and in 54 countries around the world.

Renovations

Kennedy Center at night

On June 16, 1971, Congress authorized appropriations for one year to the Board of Trustees for operating and maintenance expenses.[28] In following years, the appropriations were provided to the National Park Service for operations, maintenance, security, safety and other functions not directly related to the performing arts functions.[28] The National Park Service and the Kennedy Center signed a cooperative agreement requiring each party to pay a portion of the operating and maintenance costs based on what proportion of time the building was to be used for performing arts functions.[29] The agreement did not specify who was responsible for long-term capital improvement projects at the Kennedy Center, along with only periodic funding by Congress for one-time projects, the condition of the facility had deteriorated by 1990.[29]

In fiscal years 1991 and 1992, Congress recommended that $27.7 million be allocated for capital improvement projects at the Kennedy Center, including $12 million for structural repairs to the garage, and $15.7 million for structural and mechanical repairs, as well as projects for improving handicapped access.[30] In 1994, Congress gave full responsibility to the Kennedy Center for capital improvement projects and facility management.[31] From 1995 to 2005, over $200 million of federal funds were allocated to the Kennedy Center for long-term capital projects, repairs, and to bring the center into compliance with modern fire safety and accessibility codes.[31] Improvements included renovation of the Concert Hall, Opera House, plaza-level public spaces, and a new fire alarm system.[32] The renovations projects were completed 13 to 50 percent over budget, due to modifications of plans during the renovations resulting in overtime and other penalties.[33] Renovations to the Eisenhower Theater were completed in 2008.[27]

Management

Michael Kaiser, who came to the Center from the Royal Opera House Covent Garden in London with a reputation for major fundraising[34] is the current President. Earlier he headed the American Ballet Theatre, and founded a successful consulting firm called Kaiser Associates. He oversees all the artistic activities at the Kennedy Center, has increased the Center's already broad educational efforts, established cross-disciplinary programming with opera, symphony and dance, established an Institute for Arts Management, created theater festivals[35] celebrating the works of Stephen Sondheim and Tennessee Williams, and August Wilson, produced major international arts festivals, and arranged for continuing visits by Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theater Opera, Ballet, and Orchestra, and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[36]

David M. Rubenstein is the Chairman of the Kennedy Center.

References

  1. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 527. 
  2. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 528. 
  3. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 529. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 541. 
  5. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 542. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 543. 
  7. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 544. 
  8. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 545. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lydon, Christopher (September 6, 1971). "Kennedy Arts Center Primps for Opening and Hopes to Make Profit". The New York Times. 
  10. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 546. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Robertson, Nan (September 6, 1971). "At Last, the Performances Begin". The New York Times. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 564. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Curtis, Charlotte (September 3, 1971). "Clamor Continues for Seats at Kennedy Center Opening". The New York Times. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "$3-Million in Gifts Adorn Center". The New York Times. September 6, 1971. 
  15. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 560. 
  16. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 568–569. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Schonberg, Harold C. (September 2, 1971). "Kennedy Hall Gets Acoustics Workout". The New York Times. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Weeks, Christopher (1994). AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C., Third Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  19. ↑ Roth, Leland M. (1982). A Concise History of American Architecture. Westview Press. p. 337. ISBN 0064300862. 
  20. ↑ Raichel, Daniel R. (2000). The Science and Applications of Acoustics. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 0387989072. 
  21. ↑ Boliek, Brooks (September 8, 1994). "Kennedy nods to Douglas, Gould". The Hollywood Reporter. 
  22. ↑ Darling, Lynn (January 1, 1977). "Bicentennial Hailed for Its Legacies". The Washington Post. 
  23. ↑ "Critics' Roundtable The Arts: Poised for 1977". The Washington Post. January 2, 1977. 
  24. ↑ Kriegsman, Alan M. (January 2, 1977). "The New 'Nutcracker': An Artistic Coup". The Washington Post. 
  25. ↑ Quinn, Sally (January 12, 1977). "Rex Harrison: 'The World Was A Rather Different Place Then'". The Washington Post. 
  26. ↑ Kriegsman, Alan M. (April 11, 1977). "ABT's Final Weekend: Upbeat Performances". The Washington Post. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Smith, Tim (March 6, 2007). "Kennedy Center announces details of 2007-2008 season". Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/music/bal-kennedy0306,0,4741807.story?coll=bal-artslife-music. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 2. http://archive.gao.gov/d36t11/148480.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 3. http://archive.gao.gov/d36t11/148480.pdf. 
  30. ↑ General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 4. http://archive.gao.gov/d36t11/148480.pdf. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 General Accounting Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 1. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05334.pdf. 
  32. ↑ General Accounting Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 3. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05334.pdf. 
  33. ↑ General Accounting Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 4. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05334.pdf. 
  34. ↑ [1] Bruce B. Auster, "Turnaround Artist", profile in US News & World Report, March 2, 2003: "In 1993, he rescued the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater from debt and departed for the American Ballet Theater, where things were so bad they unscrewed every second light bulb to save electricity"
  35. ↑ Tim Page, "Michael Kaiser: 2007 Impressario of the Year", Musical America, musicalamerica.com online, retrieved 24 February 2008
  36. ↑ From Page article above: "Today, independent renting organizations are still welcome, but increasingly the Kennedy Center's own productions are a key draw. Since 2001, both the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Kirov Opera and Ballet have been visiting every year, under Kennedy Center auspices"

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